Significado biológico y utilidad clínica del lactato en la sepsis / Biological significance and clinical utility of lactate in sepsis

La sepsis es un problema global de salud y la progresión hacia el shock séptico se asocia con un incremento marcado de la morbimortalidad. En este escenario, el aumento del lactato plasmático demostró ser un indicador de gravedad y un predictor de mortalidad, y suele interpretarse casi exclusivamente como marcador de baja perfusión tisular. Sin embargo, últimamente se produjo un cambio de paradigma en la exégesis del metabolismo y propiedades biológicas del lactato. En efecto, la adaptación metabólica al estrés, aun con adecuado aporte de oxígeno, puede justificar la elevación del lactato circulante. Asimismo, otras consecuencias fisiopatológicas de la sepsis, como la disfunción mitocondrial, se asocian con el desarrollo de hiperlactatemia sin que necesariamente se acompañen de baja perfusión tisular. Interpretar el origen y la función del lactato puede resultar de suma utilidad clínica en la sepsis, especialmente cuando sus niveles circulantes fundamentan las medidas de reanimación.

Sepsis is a global health problem; progression to septic shock is associated with a marked increase in morbidity and mortality. In this setting, increased plasma lactate levels demonstrated to be an indicator of severity and a predictor of mortality, and are usually interpreted almost exclusively as a marker of low tissue perfusion. However, a recent paradigm shift has occurred in the exegesis of lactate metabolism and its biological properties. Indeed, metabolic adaptation to stress, even with an adequate oxygen supply, may account for high circulating lactate levels. Likewise, other pathophysiological consequences of sepsis, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, are associated with the development of hyperlactatemia, which is not necessarily accompanied by low tissue perfusion. Interpreting the origin and function of lactate may be of great clinical utility in sepsis, especially when circulating lactate levels are the basis for resuscitative measures.

Analysis of the effectiveness coefficient in greco-roman fighting athletes at different levels of competition / Análisis del coeficiente de eficacia en atletas de lucha griego-romana en distintos niveles de competición / Análise do coeficiente de efetividade em atletas de luta greco-romana em diferentes níveis de competição

ABSTRACT Introduction: Wrestling is an ancient combat sport, individual and of complex performance, which integrates high technical and tactical complexity, associated with a bioenergetic interaction and a high coordinative pattern. In Brazil, the number of competitors at different levels has increased significantly in the last years, evidencing the need to search for answers that can help coaches in the different situations of the competitive calendar. The prescription of the means and methods of training in Greco-Roman wrestling aims at the development of the technical effectiveness. However, there is no evidence of indicators of technical effectiveness, in Brazilian elite athletes of Greco-Roman wrestling, in national and international competitions. Objectives: The objective of the study was to verify and to compare the technical effectiveness of the wrestlers of Greco-Roman fight of the Brazilian selection, in two competitions: one in the national level and the other international. Methods: Seven athletes of the Brazilian wrestling team participated of the investigation (age: 25±5 years; stature: 175±12 cm; corporal mass: 80± 21kg). Analysis of the effective, not effective and total technique were accomplished. After identifying the normality of the data (SHAPIRO WILKS), the Student's t test was used to compare the variables, according to the moment evaluated, considering the significance level of 5%. Results: The results showed a significant decrease (p = 0.03) in the standing effective technique and in the total effective technique (p = 0.01), comparing the national competition with the international competition. Conclusion: Technical effectiveness of Brazilian wrestlers was found to be below the indices presented in studies with competitors from countries considered to have high world performance. In international competition, it presents a negative impact compared to national events. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Studies - Investigation of Treatment Results.

RESUMEN Introducción: El Wrestling es una modalidad de combate milenaria, individual y de rendimiento complejo, que integra elevada complejidad técnico-táctica, asociada a una interacción bioenergética y un alto patrón coordinativo. En Brasil, el número de competidores en diferentes niveles aumentó significativamente en los últimos años, evidenciando la necesidad en la búsqueda de respuestas que auxilien a los entrenadores en las diferentes situaciones del calendario competitivo. La prescripción de los medios y métodos de entrenamiento en la lucha greco-romana tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de la efectividad técnica. Entre tanto, no hay evidencias de indicadores de efectividad técnica, en atletas de alto rendimiento brasileño en la lucha greco-romana, en competencias nacionales e internacionales. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar y comparar la efectividad técnica de los atletas de lucha greco-romana de la selección brasileña, en dos competencias: una a nivel nacional y otra internacional. Métodos: Participaron de la investigación siete atletas de la selección brasileña de lucha greco-romana (edad: 25±5 años; estatura: 175±12 cm; masa corporal: 80± 21kg). Fueron realizados análisis de la técnica efectiva, no efectiva y total. Después de identificar la normalidad de los datos (SHAPIRO WILKS), fue utilizado el test de t de Student para la comparación de las variables, según el momento evaluado, considerando el nivel de significación de 5%. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una disminución significativa (p = 0,03) en la técnica efectiva en pie y en la técnica efectiva total (p = 0,01), comparándose la competencia nacional con la internacional. Conclusión: Se concluyó que la eficacia técnica de los luchadores brasileños está por debajo de los índices presentados en estudios con competidores de países considerados de alto rendimiento mundial. En la competición internacional, presenta un impacto negativo en comparación con los eventos nacionales. Nivel de Evidencia IV; Estudios Terapéuticos - Investigación de Los Resultados Del Tratamiento.

RESUMO Introdução: O Wrestling é uma modalidade de combate milenar, individual e de rendimento complexo, que integra elevada complexidade técnico-táctica, associada a uma interação bioenergética e um alto padrão coordenativo. No Brasil, o número de competidores em diferentes níveis aumentou significativamente nos últimos anos, evidenciando a necessidade da busca de respostas que auxiliem os treinadores nas diferentes situações do calendário competitivo. A prescrição dos meios e métodos de treinamento na luta greco-romana visa o desenvolvimento da efetividade técnica. Entretanto, não há evidências de indicadores de efetividade técnica, em atletas de elite brasileira de luta greco-romana, em competições nacionais e internacionais. Objetivo: o objetivo do estudo foi verificar e comparar a efetividade técnica dos lutadores de luta greco-romana da seleção brasileira, em duas competições: uma no nível nacional e a outra internacional. Métodos: Participaram da investigação sete atletas da seleção brasileira de luta greco-romana (idade: 25±5 anos; estatura: 175±12 cm; massa corporal: 80± 21kg). Foram realizadas análises da técnica efetiva, não efetiva e total. Após identificar a normalidade dos dados (SHAPIRO WILKS), foi utilizado o teste t de Student para a comparação das variáveis, segundo o momento avaliado, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram uma diminuição significativa (p = 0,03) na técnica efetiva em pé e na técnica efetiva total (p = 0,01), comparando-se a competição nacional com a internacional. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a efetividade técnica dos lutadores brasileiros está abaixo dos índices apresentados em estudos com competidores de países considerados de alto desempenho mundial. Em competição internacional, apresenta um impacto negativo comparativamente a eventos nacionais. Nível de Evidência IV; Estudos Terapêuticos - Investigação dos Resultados do Tratamento.

Critical speed, thresholds for vo2max and boundaries of the severe exercise intensity domain / Velocidad crítica, vo2máx y límites de el dominio de la intensidad del ejercicio severo / Velocidade crítica, vo2max e limites de o domínio de intensidade de exercício severo

ABSTRACT Introduction: The severe exercise intensity domain can be defined as the range of work rates or speeds over which VO2max can be elicited. Objectives: Our purpose was to determine if critical speed (running analog of critical power) identifies the lower boundary of the severe domain and to identify the upper boundary of the domain. Methods: Twenty-five individuals performed five running tests to exhaustion, each lasting > 2.5 min and < 16 min. The two-parameter speed vs time-to-exhaustion relationship generated values for critical speed and the three-parameter speed vs time-to-reach-VO2max relationship generated values for the threshold speed above which VO2max can be elicited. The relationships were solved to calculate the minimum time needed to elicit VO2max. Results: Critical speed (3.00 ± 0.38 m·s−1) and the threshold speed above which VO2max can be elicited (2.99 ± 0.37 m·s−1) were correlated (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and did not differ (p = 0.70), confirming critical speed as the lower boundary of the severe domain. The minimum time needed to elicit VO2max (103 ± 7 s) and the associated highest speed at which VO2max can be elicited (4.98 ± 0.52 m·s−1) identified the upper boundary of the severe domain for these participants. Conclusion: The critical power concept, which requires no metabolic measurements, can be used to identify the lowest speed at which VO2max can be elicited. With addition of metabolic measurements, mathematical modeling can also identify the highest speed and shortest exercise duration at which VO2max can be elicited. Evidence Level I; Validating cohort study with good reference standards.

RESUMEN Introducción: El dominio de la intensidad del ejercicio severo se puede definir como el rango de ritmos o velocidades de trabajo sobre las que se puede obtener el VO2max. Objetivos: Nuestro propósito fue determinar si la velocidad crítica (funcionamiento analógico de potencia crítica) identifica el límite inferior del dominio severo e identificar el límite superior del dominio. Métodos: Veinticinco personas realizaron cinco pruebas de carrera hasta el agotamiento, cada una con una duración de > 2,5 min y <16 min. La relación de dos parámetros de velocidad frente a tiempo de agotamiento generó valores para la velocidad crítica y la relación de tres parámetros de velocidad frente a tiempo de alcance de VO2max generó valores para la velocidad umbral por encima del cual se puede obtener el VO2max. Las relaciones se resolvieron para calcular el tiempo mínimo necesario para obtener el VO2max. Resultados: La velocidad crítica (3,00 ± 0,38 m·s−1) y la velocidad umbral por encima de la cual se puede obtener el VO2max (2,99 ± 0,37 m·s−1) se correlacionaron (r = 0,83, p < 0,01) y no difirieron (p = 0,70), lo que confirma la velocidad crítica como el límite inferior del dominio severo. El tiempo mínimo necesario para obtener el VO2max (103 ± 7 s) y la velocidad más alta asociada a la que se puede obtener el VO2max (4,98 ± 0,52 m·s−1) identificaron el límite superior del dominio severo para estos participantes. Conclusión: El concepto de potencia crítica, que no requiere mediciones metabólicas, se puede utilizar para identificar la velocidad más baja a la que se puede obtener el VO2max. Con la adición de mediciones metabólicas, el modelado matemático también puede identificar la velocidad más alta y la duración más corta del ejercicio a la que se puede obtener VO2max. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudio de cohortes con alto estándar de referencia.

RESUMO Introdução: O domínio de intensidade de exercício severo pode ser definido como a faixa de taxas de trabalho ou velocidades sobre as quais o VO2max pode ser obtido. Objetivos: Nosso propósito foi determinar se a velocidade crítica (execução analógica da potência crítica) identifica o limite inferior do domínio severo e identificar o limite superior do domínio. Métodos: Vinte e cinco indivíduos realizaram cinco testes de corrida até a exaustão, cada um com duração > 2,5 min e < 16 min. A relação velocidade de dois parâmetros contra tempo até a exaustão gerou valores para a velocidade crítica e a relação velocidade de três parâmetros contra tempo para alcançar o VO2max valores gerados para a velocidade limite acima da qual o VO2max pode ser obtido. As relações foram resolvidas para calcular o tempo mínimo necessário para eliciar o VO2max. Resultados: A velocidade crítica (3,00 ± 0,38 m·s−1) e a velocidade limite acima da qual o VO2max pode ser eliciado (2,99 ± 0,37 m·s−1) foram correlacionadas (r = 0,83, p < 0,01) e não diferiram (p = 0,70), confirmando a velocidade crítica como o limite inferior do domínio grave. O tempo mínimo necessário para eliciar o VO2max (103 ± 7 s) e a maior velocidade associada na qual o VO2max pode ser eliciado (4,98 ± 0,52 m·s−1) identificou o limite superior do domínio severo para esses participantes. Conclusão: O conceito de potência crítica, que não requer medidas metabólicas, pode ser usado para identificar a velocidade mais baixa em que o VO2max pode ser eliciado. Com a adição de medidas metabólicas, a modelagem matemática também pode identificar a velocidade mais alta e a duração mais curta do exercício em que o VO2max pode ser obtido. Nível de Evidência I; Estudo de coorte com alto padrão de referência.

Application of Insect Medicines in Treatment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Based on Comorbidity Theory of "Blood-Vessel-Cardiac Collaterals" / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Coronary microvascular dysfunction （CMD） is one of the important causes of myocardial ischemia and non-obstructive coronary artery ischemic symptoms. However， effective diagnostic methods and targeted treatment strategies for CMD are currently lacking. According to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， the comorbidity theory of "blood-vessel-cardiac collaterals" plays a central role throughout the entire development process of CMD. It suggests that in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of CMD， the treatment of blood， vessels， and cardiac collaterals should not be neglected. In light of this， insect medicines， known for their efficacy in promoting blood circulation， resolving stasis， and alleviating spasms， hold promise as a potential treatment for CMD. However， there is currently no research or summary on the use of insect medicines for the treatment of CMD. Therefore， this article took the comorbidity theory of "blood-vessel-cardiac collaterals" as the starting point and divided the pathogenesis of CMD into five evolution stages： Beginning in the blood （changes in blood components and hemorheology）， progressing in the vessels （atheromatous plaque formation and unstable plaques）， occurring in the cardiac collaterals （microvascular endothelial damage and microvascular constriction and spasms）， ending in the cardiac collaterals （microvascular remodeling）， and resulting in energy metabolism disorders throughout the process， so as to explore the pathogenesis and evolution of CMD. In addition， based on the modern pharmacological research on insect medicines， this article discussed the clinical application of insect medicines in the treatment of CMD from four aspects： Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis to relieve vessels' obstruction， relieving spasms to alleviate pain， combating poison with poison to disperse stagnation， and tonifying cardiac collaterals to nourish the heart， which aims to provide a theoretical basis for the use of TCM in treating CMD， broaden the scope of medication， and improve clinical efficacy.

Xihuangwan Inhibits Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer Cells / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo study the effect of Xihuangwan extract on mitochondrial energy metabolism in ovarian cancer SKOV3 and HEY cells and to explore the underlying mechanism. MethodSKOV3 and HEY cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different concentrations （0， 5， 10， 15， 20 g·L-1） of Xihuangwan extract. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） was used to examine the viability of SKOV3 and HEY cells treated with Xihuangwan extract. The adenosine-triphosphate （ATP） levels in SKOV3 and HEY cells were measured by kit. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the content of reactive oxygen species （ROS） in cells. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α （PGC1α）， transcription factor A， mitochondrial （TFAM）， translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 （TOMM20）， and aplasia Ras homologue member Ⅰ （ARHⅠ） in SKOV3 and HEY cells. Mito-Tracker Green staining was used to observe the morphological changes of mitochondria in SKOV3 and HEY cells. ResultCompared with blank group， Xihuangwan extract treatment for 24， 48 h inhibited the viability of SKOV3 and HEY cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with blank group， Xihuangwan extract （10， 15， 20 g·L-1） groups presented lowered ATP levels （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the 20 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract group had lower ATP level than the 10 and 15 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract groups （P<0.05）. Compared with blank group， Xihuangwan extract increased the content of ROS in SKOV3 and HEY cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the 20 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract group had higher ROS content than the 10 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract group （P<0.05）. Compared with blank group， Xihuangwan extract up-regulated the expression level of ARHⅠ protein in SKOV3 and HEY cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of ARHⅠ protein was higher in the 20 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract group than in the 10 and 15 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract groups （P<0.05）. Compared with the blank group， Xihuangwan extract down-regulated the protein levels of PGC1α， TFAM， and TOMM20 in SKOV3 and HEY cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the protein levels of TFAM and TOMM20 in the HEY cells treated with 20 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract were lower than those in the HEY cells treated with 10， 15 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract （P<0.05）. Compared with the blank group， 20 g·L-1 Xihuangwan extract decreased the Mito-Tracker fluorescence intensity of SKOV3 and HEY cells （P<0.05）. ConclusionXihuangwan can compromise the mitochondrial function of ovarian cancer SKOV3 and HEY cells and reduce cell energy metabolism to inhibit the proliferation of SKOV3 and HEY cells by up-regulating ARHⅠ and inhibiting PGC1α/TFAM signaling axis.

Calidad y cronotipo del sueño y su relación con la obesidad en población adulta. Revisión bibliográfica narrativa

Introducción: Debido a la alta prevalencia de obesidad a nivel mundial y nacional, y de la incidencia de esta enfermedad en el desarrollo de comorbilidades, estudiar los factores que contribuyan a su desarrollo resulta pertinente. La falta de sueño o el sueño interrumpido pueden estar asociados a la epidemia mundial de la obesidad, y resulta un factor modificable a incluir en su terapéutica. Objetivo: Conocer la evidencia reciente acerca de los mecanismos subyacentes que conforman una posible relación entre la cantidad y/o calidad de sueño con el desarrollo de obesidad en personas adultas Metodología: Revisión bibliográfica de artículos científicos en plataformas virtuales de bases de datos. Se aplicaron distintos filtros: edad (18 a 64 años), estudios realizados en humanos, texto completo, idioma inglés y español, y publicaciones no mayores a 5 años. Los estudios de evaluación de la calidad de sueño debían haber aplicado el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh, y los de evaluación del cronotipo el Horne and Ostberg's Morningness - Eveningness Questionnaire o el Munich Chronotype Questionnaire . Resultados: Individuos con una insuficiente cantidad y/o calidad de sueño fueron asociados con una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad. Los principales mecanismos subyacentes encontrados fueron: alteraciones hormonales, metabólicas y un aumento de la ingesta de alimentos principalmente en la noche biológica. Conclusiones: Según la bibliografía seleccionada se concluye que existe evidencia que relaciona la cantidad y/o calidad de sueño con el posible desarrollo de obesidad en población adulta.

Introdução: Devido à alta prevalência da obesidade no mundo e no país e à incidência dessa doença no desenvolvimento de comorbidades, é relevante estudar os fatores que contribuem para o seu desenvolvimento. A falta de sono ou o sono interrompido pode estar associado à epidemia global de obesidade e é um fator modificável a ser incluído em sua terapia. Objetivo: Verificar as evidências recentes sobre os mecanismos subjacentes que compõem uma possível relação entre a quantidade e/ou a qualidade do sono e o desenvolvimento da obesidade em adultos . Metodologia: Revisão bibliográfica de artigos científicos em plataformas de bancos de dados virtuais. Foram aplicados diferentes filtros: idade (18 a 64 anos), estudos em humanos, texto completo, idioma inglês e espanhol e publicações com no máximo 5 anos. Os estudos que avaliaram a qualidade do sono deveriam ter aplicado o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh, e os que avaliaram o cronotipo deveriam ter aplicado o Horne and Ostberg's Morningness - Eveningness Questionnaire ou o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire . Resultados: Os indivíduos com quantidade e/ou qualidade de sono insuficiente foram associados a uma maior probabilidade de desenvolver obesidade. Os principais mecanismos subjacentes encontrados foram: distúrbios hormonais, metabólicos e aumento da ingestão de alimentos, principalmente na noite biológica. Conclusões: Segundo a bibliografia selecionada, há evidências que relacionam a quantidade e/ou a qualidade do sono com o possível desenvolvimento de obesidade na população adulta

Introduction: As a result of the high prevalence of obesity worldwide and nationally, and because of the incidence of this disease in the development of comorbidities, studying the factors that contribute to its development is necessary. The lack or disrupted sleep that is affecting our civilization, has been associated with the worldwide epidemic of obesity, being a modifiable factor to include in its therapy. Objective: To find recent evidence about the underlying mechanisms that build a possible relationship between sleep duration and/or quality with the development of obesity in adults. Methods: The search of articles was carried out by using virtual platforms of bibliographic databases, which were filtered by: age (18 to 64 years), human studies, full text, English and Spanish language and publications no longer than 5 years. Studies that evaluated sleep quality had to apply the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and those that evaluated chronotype had to use the Horne and Ostberg's Morningness - Eveningness Questionnaire or the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire Results: Individuals with insufficient sleep duration and/or quality were more likely to become obese. Underlying mechanisms found were hormonal and metabolic alterations and an increase in food intake, mainly during the biological night Conclusions: According to the selected bibliography, there is scientific evidence linking sleep duration and/or quality with the possible development of obesity in adults

Rutin forestalls dysregulated cardiac bioenergetics in bisphenol A and dibutyl phthalate-exposed rats through PPAR? and AMPK modulation

Objectives: Proper cardiac function is greatly dependent on adequate supply and metabolism of energy substrates. Environmental pollutants exposure including plasticizers can trigger adverse cardiac metabolic events. This study was designed to investigate the ameliorative effect of rutin (Rt) on dysregulated cardiac energy metabolism in plasticizer-exposed rats. Materials and Methods: Forty-two rats were randomised into seven groups (n = 6): Control (0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide), bisphenol A (BPA, 25 mg/kg, p.o), dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 25 mg/kg, p.o), BPA + Rt 25 mg/kg, Rt 50 mg/kg, DBP + Rt (25 mg/kg, Rt 50 mg/kg), BPA + DBP and BPA + DBP + Rt, daily for 21 days. Results: BPA and DBP exposure increased plasma glucose, reduced insulin, and increased plasma and cardiac free fatty-acid. Cardiac glucose-6-phosphate level, hexokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities increased in DBP while BPA reduced these variables. Cardiac glucose transporter-4 expression was reduced in BPA group, while cardiac peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR?) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression increased in BPA and DBP-treated rats. However, Rt administration prevents impaired cardiac bioenergetics and glucometabolic regulation. Conclusion: Summarily, Rt improves BPA and DBP-impaired cardiac bioenergetics through PPAR? and AMPK modulation.

Effect of Shenqi Pills （肾气丸） on Cognitive Function and Hippocampal Glucose Energy Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Model Mice / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the effect and possible mechanism of Shenqi Pills （肾气丸） on cognitive impairment and hippocampal glucose energy metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus （T2DM）. MethodsSixty C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group， model group， rosiglitazone group and Shenqi Pills low-， medium- and high-dose groups， with 10 mice in each group. T2DM model was induced by a high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in all the groups except for the control group. After successful modeling， the high-， medium-， and low-dose Shenqi Pills groups were given 2.08， 1.04， and 0.52 g/（kg·d） of Shenqi Pills granules by gavage respectively， while the rosiglitazone group was given 3 mg/（kg·d） of rosiglitazone tablets by gavage， and the control group and model group were gavaged with 10 ml/（kg·d） of distilled water， all for 8 consecutive weeks. The body weight and fasting blood glucose （FBG） level were recorded every two weeks. The Morris water maze test was performed on the 8th week of medication. After 8-week medication， oral glucose tolerance test （OGTT） and fasting insulin level were measured， hippocampal glucose energy metabolism-related products were quantitatively detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry， and KEGG annotation analysis was performed. ResultsCompared to those measured at the same timepoints in the control group， the body mass on week 6 and 8， as well as the FBG level on week 2， 4， 6 and 8 in the model group increased； the blood glucose level at 0， 30， 60 and 120 minutes of the OGTT test increased， while fasting insulin level after 8-week medication decreased. The escape latency of the model group was significantly prolonged on the 3rd and 4th days， and the escape latency time increased， while the total swimming distance， platform quadrant residence time and the number of platform crossings decreased （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to those measured at the same timepoints in the model group， the body mass on week 6 in the low-dose Shenqi Pills group， on week 6 and 8 in the medium- and high-dose groups， and on week 8 in the rosiglitazone group were significantly reduced； the FBG levels in all the Shenqi Pills groups and rosiglitazone group on week 6 and 8 decreased， while fasting insulin levels increased. In the OGTT test， blood glucose in the medium-dose group of Shenqi Pills at all timepoints decreased； in the Morris water maze test， the escape latency period of the medium- and high-dose Shenqi Pills groups was shortened on the 3rd and 4th days， while the escape latency time was reduced， and the total swimming distance， platform quadrant residence time， and number of platform crossings increased in the medium-dose Shenqi Pills group （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）.The medium-dose Shenqi Pills showed best effect， therefore it was selected for the targeted quantitative detection of metabolites. The medium-dose Shenqi Pills group could regulate the disorder of glucose metabolism in the hippocampus of T2DM mice， and 13 differential metabolites were found，up-regulating α-ketoglutarate and 3-phosphoglyceric acid， and down-regulating fumaric acid， glutamatic acid， lactatic acid， inosine， malic acid， adenine， fructose 1,6-diphosphate and others. KEGG annotation of differential metabolites suggested that Shenqi Pills was closely related to the regulation of glucose metabolism disorder and insulin resistance in the hippocampus region of T2DM model mice， as well as neurodegenerative diseases and ABC transport， hypoxia-inducible factor 1 （HIF）， forkhead transcription factor （FoXO） and cyclic adenosine monophosphate （cAMP） signaling pathways. ConclusionShenqi Pills can improve learning and memory abilities and cognitive impairment in T2DM mice， and may act its role by regulating glucose energy metabolism in the hippocampus of T2DM.

Association of energy metabolism with serum thyroid hormone levels in patients with liver failure and their impact on prognosis / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To explore the predictive value of the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, energy metabolism and serum thyroid hormone levels on the severity and prognosis of patients with liver failure and their correlation. Methods This study collected clinicopathological data from 60 liver failure patients, e.g., end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, energy metabolism, and serum thyroid hormone levels. The χ 2 test was performed to analyze the categorical variables, while the Mann-Whitney U test and independent sample t test were performed to assess the continuous variables between the two groups. Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate correlation of each index. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the optimal cut-off points of serum total triiodothyronine (TT3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels in predicting prognosis of the patients. Results The rates of low TT3 and FT3 levels in liver failure patients were 78.2% and 69.1%, respectively, whereas the low TT3 rates were 95.2% and 67.6% and the low FT3 rates were 90.5% and 55.9% in survival and non-survival groups of patients, respectively (both P < 0.05). Moreover, the MELD score was significantly higher in the non-survival patients than in survival patients [26.0(21.0-29.0) vs 21.0 (19.0-24.0), Z =-3.396, P =0.001], while TT3 and FT3 levels were significantly lower in the non-survival patients than in the survival patients [0.69(0.62-0.73) vs 0.83(0.69-0.94) and 2.17(1.99-2.31) vs 2.54(2.12-2.86), respectively; Z =-2.884、-2.876, all P < 0.01]. The MELD score was negatively associated with serum TT3, FT3, and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the respiratory quotient (RQ) ( r =-0.487、-0.329、-0.422、-0.350, all P < 0.01), whereas the RQ was associated with serum TT3 and FT3 levels ( r =0.271、0.265, all P < 0.05). The optimal cutoff values in predicting the severity and survival of patients was 0.75 nmol/L and 2.37pmol/L with the sensitivity values of 67.6% and 64.7% and the specificity of 90.5% and 81.0%, respectively. Conclusion Abnormal thyroid hormone levels and low respiratory quotient could be used to predict the severity and prognosis of patients with liver failure.

Therapeutic potential of alkaloid extract from Codonopsis Radix in alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation: insights into mitochondrial energy metabolism and endoplasmic reticulum stress regulation in NAFLD mice / 中国天然药物

Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring bioactive compounds that are widely distributed in various food sources and Traditional Chinese Medicine. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of alkaloid extract from Codonopsis Radix (ACR) in ameliorating hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The results revealed that ACR treatment effectively mitigated the abnormal weight gain and hepatic injury associated with HFD. Furthermore, ACR ameliorated the dysregulated lipid metabolism in NAFLD mice, as evidenced by reductions in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels, accompanied by a concomitant increase in the high-density lipoprotein level. ACR treatment also demonstrated a profound anti-oxidative effect, effectively alleviating HFD-induced oxidative stress and promoting ATP production. These effects were achieved through the up-regulation of the activities of mitochondrial electron transfer chain complexes I, II, IV, and V, in addition to the activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α pathway, suggesting that ACR exhibits therapeutic potential in alleviating the HFD-induced dysregulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Moreover, ACR administration mitigated HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and suppressed the overexpression of ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14) in NAFLD mice. In summary, the present study provides compelling evidence supporting the hepatoprotective role of ACR in alleviating lipid deposition in NAFLD by improving energy metabolism and reducing oxidative stress and ER stress. These findings warrant further investigation and merit the development of ACR as a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD.

Anti-depression targets and mechanism study of Kaixin San / 中国中药杂志

This study identified the anti-depression targets of Kaixin San(KXS) in the brain tissue with "target fishing" strategy, and explored the target-associated pharmacological signaling pathways to reveal the anti-depression molecular mechanism of KXS. The Balb/c mouse model of depression was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) and the anti-depression effect of KXS was evaluated by forced swimming test and sucrose preference test. KXS active components were bonded to the benzophenone-modified magnetic nanoparticles by photocrosslinking reaction for capturing target proteins from cortex, thalamus and hippocampus of depressive mice. The target proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS). The enrichment analysis on signaling pathways was performed by Cytoscape. The potential biological functions of targets were verified by immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay. The results showed that KXS significantly improved the behavioral indexes. There were 64, 91, and 44 potential targets of KXS identified in cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus, respectively, according to the target identification experiment. The functions of these targets were mainly associated with vasopressin-regulated water reabsorption, salmonella infection, thyroid hormone synthesis, and other signaling pathways. Besides, the results of immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that KXS up-regulated the expressions of argipressine(AVP) in the cortex, heat shock protein 60(HSP60), cytochrome C oxidase 4(COX4), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH) in the thalamus, and down-regulated the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB) p65 in the thalamus. Therefore, KXS may exert anti-depression effect through regulating vasopressin signaling pathway in the cortex and inflammation, energy metabolism, and thyroid hormone signaling pathways in the thalamus, and the effect of KXS on hippocampus is not significant.

Excess Oxygen Supply for Different Time Periods Affect Energy Metabolism in Rat Alveolar Epithelial Type Ⅱ Cells / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To observe the effect of excess oxygen supply for different time periods on the mitochondrial energy metabolism in alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells. Methods Rat RLE-6TN cells were assigned into a control group (21% O2 for 4 h) and excess oxygen supply groups (95% O2 for 1,2,3,and 4 h,res-pectively).The content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP),the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V,and the mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by luciferase assay,micro-assay,and fluorescent probe JC-1,respectively.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1),cytochrome b (Cytb),cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COXI),and adenosine triphosphatase 6 (ATPase6) in the core subunits of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes Ⅰ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ,and Ⅴ,respectively. Results Compared with the control group,excess oxygen supply for 1,2,3,and 4 h down-regulated the mRNA levels of ND1 (q=24.800,P<0.001;q=13.650,P<0.001;q=9.869,P<0.001;q=20.700,P<0.001),COXI (q=16.750,P<0.001;q=10.120,P<0.001;q=8.476,P<0.001;q=14.060,P<0.001),and ATPase6 (q=22.770,P<0.001;q=15.540,P<0.001;q=12.870,P<0.001;q=18.160,P<0.001).Moreover,excess oxygen supply for 1 h and 4 h decreased the ATPase activity (q=9.435,P<0.001;q=11.230,P<0.001) and ATP content (q=5.615,P=0.007;q=5.029,P=0.005).The excess oxygen supply for 2 h and 3 h did not cause significant changes in ATPase activity (q=0.156,P=0.914;q=3.197,P=0.116) and ATP content (q=0.859,P=0.557;q=1.273,P=0.652).There was no significant difference in mitochondrial membrane potential among the groups (F=0.303,P=0.869). Conclusion Short-term excess oxygen supply down-regulates the expression of the core subunits of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and reduces the activity of ATPase,leading to the energy metabolism disorder of alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells.

Pre-exercise meal on oxidation of energy substrates during maximal exercise test in non-trained individuals

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to compare the influence of a high carbohydrate meal versus high-fat meal on the oxidation of substrates during an exercise incremental test. Materials and methods: Ten untrained male subjects underwent two days of the protocol. Randomly, they received a high carbohydrate meal or a high-fat meal, receiving the other one in the next protocol. On both days, they performed an incremental treadmill test, with heart rate and maximal oxygen consumption to estimate the oxidation of substrates. Results: The high-fat meal showed an increase in the absolute amount of oxidized fat along with the incremental test (P < 0.05; effect size = 0.9528), and a reduction in the respiratory exchange ratio at low intensities (P < 0.05; effect size = 0.7765). Conclusions: The meals presented no difference when compared to maximum oxidation point of substrates, the oxidation rate of substrates over time, and heart rate. A pre-test high-fat meal in untrained individuals was shown to be a modulating factor of total oxidized fats throughout the exercise, although it did not exert a significant effect on the rate of this oxidation over time.

Analysis of the effects of high-intensity strength training on musculature and metabolism in college students / Análise dos efeitos do treinamento de força de alta intensidade sobre a musculatura e o metabolismo de estudantes universitários / Análisis de los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad sobre la musculatura y el metabolismo en estudiantes universitarios

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recent studies shows that college students have decreased physical fitness and increased obesity rates, and the rate of obesity will continue to increase over time. Objective: Study the effect of high-intensity strength training on college students' muscle optimization and metabolic recovery. Methods: This paper adopts the experimental control method. An experimental group performed high-intensity strength training and completed the training with the help of the existing equipment in our school's gym. The control group used normal aerobic training to complete the running training and other movements in athletics. The experimental and control groups were trained three times a week for one hour at a time. Results: In the experimental group, left arm elbow joint extension was optimized to (18.405 ± 2.8878) kg after the experiment, P<0.05; right leg knee joint extension was optimized to (38.754 ± 6.6556) kg after the experiment, P<0.01; serum total cholesterol was optimized to (3.682 ± 0.2643) mmol/L after the experiment, P<0.01. Conclusion: High-intensity strength training, when compared with ordinary aerobic training, has a better optimizing effect on college students' indicators and higher exercise efficiency. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: Segundo consta nas pesquisas recentes, os estudantes universitários têm diminuído a aptidão física e aumentado a taxa de obesidade, e o índice de obesidade permanecerá aumentando com o tempo. Objetivo: Estudar o efeito do treinamento de força de alta intensidade sobre a otimização muscular e a recuperação metabólica dos estudantes universitários. Métodos: Este trabalho adota o método experimental de controle. Um grupo experimental realizou o treinamento de força de alta intensidade e completou o processo de treinamento com a ajuda do equipamento existente na academia da nossa escola. O grupo de controle usou o treinamento aeróbico normal para completar o treino de corrida e outros movimentos no atletismo. O grupo experimental e o grupo de controle foram treinados três vezes por semana durante uma hora de cada vez. Resultados: No grupo experimental, a extensão da articulação do cotovelo do braço esquerdo foi otimizada para (18,405 ± 2,8878) kg após o experimento, P<0,05; a extensão da articulação do joelho da perna direita foi otimizada para (38,754 ± 6,6556) kg após o experimento, P<0,01; o colesterol total sérico foi otimizado para (3,682 ± 0,2643) mmol/L após o experimento, P<0,01. Conclusão: O treinamento de força de alta intensidade, quando comparado com o treinamento aeróbico comum, tem um melhor efeito de otimização nos indicadores dos estudantes universitários e uma maior eficiência no exercício. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Según las investigaciones recientes, los estudiantes universitarios presentan una disminución de la forma física y un aumento de la tasa de obesidad, y la tasa de obesidad seguirá aumentando con el tiempo. Objetivo: Estudiar el efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad sobre la optimización muscular y la recuperación metabólica en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Este trabajo adopta el método de control experimental. Un grupo experimental realizó el entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad y completó el proceso de entrenamiento con la ayuda del equipamiento existente en el gimnasio de nuestro colegio. El grupo de control utilizó el entrenamiento aeróbico normal para completar el entrenamiento de carrera y otros movimientos en atletismo. El grupo experimental y el grupo de control se entrenaron tres veces por semana durante una hora cada vez. Resultados: En el grupo experimental, la extensión de la articulación del codo del brazo izquierdo se optimizó a (18,405 ± 2,8878) kg después del experimento, P<0,05; la extensión de la articulación de la rodilla de la pierna derecha se optimizó a (38,754 ± 6,6556) kg después del experimento, P<0,01; el colesterol total sérico se optimizó a (3,682 ± 0,2643) mmol/L después del experimento, P<0,01. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de fuerza de alta intensidad, en comparación con el entrenamiento aeróbico ordinario, tiene un mejor efecto optimizador sobre los indicadores de los estudiantes universitarios y una mayor eficacia del ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Metabolism and physical fitness characteristics in table tennis players / Características do metabolismo e aptidão física em jogadores de tênis de mesa / Características del metabolismo y la aptitud física en jugadores de tenis de mesa

ABSTRACT Introduction: The physical fitness of Chinese table tennis players is critical as the continuous development in sports technologies increases the demands for physical fitness during competitions. And the physical quality of table tennis players is a problem that cannot be ignored. Objective: Analyze the energy supply characteristics of table tennis and its special training methods based on the sport's temporal and spatial characteristics of the actual load. Methods: Sport performance is analyzed by the scoring system using video kinematic analysis, scientific literature research, and logical analysis methods. The research on energy supply in Chinese athletes according to the characteristics of the three energy metabolism systems is developed. Considering the different metabolic characteristics and physical content for a specific training protocol experiment. Results: Female table tennis players obtained significantly higher time, density, and hitting efficiency than male players (P<0.05). Table tennis is a sport that uses mainly aerobic energy, complemented by anaerobic exercises. Conclusion: Table tennis is a medium-intensity intermittent sport composed of short-term bursts with the ball and low-intensity activities without the ball. Competition in table tennis is based on aerobic energy delivery, with no oxygen-based movement. Athletes need to combine aerobic and anaerobic exercises during exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMO Introdução: A condição física dos jogadores chineses de tênis de mesa encontra-se em nível crítico pois o contínuo desenvolvimento nas tecnologias do esporte aumenta as exigências para a aptidão física durante as competições. E a qualidade física dos jogadores de tênis de mesa é um problema que não pode ser ignorado. Objetivo: Analisar as características de fornecimento de energia do tênis de mesa e seus métodos especiais de treinamento com base nas características temporais e espaciais da carga real do esporte. Métodos: Analisa-se o desempenho esportivo por sistema de pontuação usando análise cinemática por vídeo, pesquisa de literatura científica e métodos de análise lógica. Desenvolve-se a pesquisa sobre o fornecimento de energia nos atletas chineses de acordo com as características dos três sistemas de metabolismo energético. Considerando as diferentes características metabólicas, experimenta-se o conteúdo físico para um protocolo específico de treinamento. Resultados: As jogadoras de tênis de mesa obtiveram tempo, densidade e aproveitamento de rebatidas significativamente maiores que os jogadores masculinos (P<0,05). O tênis de mesa é um esporte que utiliza principalmente a energia aeróbica, complementada por exercícios anaeróbicos. Conclusão: O tênis de mesa é um esporte intermitente de média intensidade, composto de explosões de curto prazo com a bola e atividades de baixa intensidade sem a bola. A competição no tênis de mesa é baseada no fornecimento de energia aeróbica, sem movimento baseado em oxigênio. Os atletas precisam combinar exercícios aeróbicos e anaeróbicos durante o exercício físico. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: La aptitud física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa chinos se encuentra en un nivel crítico, ya que el continuo desarrollo de las tecnologías de este deporte aumenta las exigencias de aptitud física durante las competiciones. Y la calidad física de los jugadores de tenis de mesa es un problema que no se puede ignorar. Objetivo: Analizar las características del suministro de energía del tenis de mesa y sus métodos especiales de entrenamiento en función de las características temporales y espaciales de la carga real del deporte. Métodos: El rendimiento deportivo se analiza mediante un sistema de puntuación que utiliza el análisis cinemático de vídeo, la investigación de la literatura científica y los métodos de análisis lógico. Se desarrolla la investigación sobre el suministro de energía en los atletas chinos según las características de los tres sistemas del metabolismo energético. Teniendo en cuenta las diferentes características metabólicas, se experimenta el contenido físico para un protocolo de entrenamiento específico. Resultados: Las jugadoras de tenis de mesa obtuvieron un tiempo, una densidad y una eficacia de golpeo significativamente mayores que los jugadores masculinos (P<0,05). El tenis de mesa es un deporte que utiliza principalmente energía aeróbica, complementada con ejercicios anaeróbicos. Conclusión: El tenis de mesa es un deporte intermitente de intensidad media, compuesto por ráfagas de corta duración con la pelota y actividades de baja intensidad sin la pelota. La competición en el tenis de mesa se basa en el suministro de energía aeróbica, sin movimiento basado en el oxígeno. Los atletas deben combinar el ejercicio aeróbico y el anaeróbico durante el ejercicio. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Cardiomyocyte Energy Metabolism in Mammalian Cardiac Regeneration / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

Cardiovascular disease， such as coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction， is a leading cause of death globally. Due to the limited proliferative and regenerative capacity of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes （CMs）， any of the current therapies cannot reverse the massive loss of CMs and subsequent fibrosis resulting from cardiac injury. Mammals mainly rely on glycolysis in the embryonic stage and fatty acid oxidation after birth for energy production. Recent reports have indicated that this metabolic pattern switch is closely related to the loss of CM proliferation. In this review， we summarize the biological characteristics of CMs and advances in heart regeneration， meanwhile shed light on the important role of CMs energy metabolism in cardiac regeneration.

Taking the mechanism of glucose catabolism disorder in depression as an example to explore the research ideas and strategies of stable isotope tracer metabolomics / 药学学报

Stable isotope tracer metabolomics tracks and analyzes the whole metabolic process of the body through the tracer atoms, which belongs to the frontier technology in the field of biomedicine. This technology is of great significance and value for explaining the pathogenesis of diseases, finding biomarkers of diseases and drug action targets. Taking the mechanism of glucose catabolism disorder in depression as an example, this paper systematically expounds the stable isotope tracer metabolomics technology and its application. The research idea of stable isotope tracer metabolomics based on unmarked metabolomics was put forward, and the research strategy of biological significance interpretation from four dimensions of metabolite isotope abundance, key metabolic enzymes, metabolic flow direction and metabolite flow was given, which broke through the bottleneck of stable isotope tracer metabolomics research technology based on overall animal experiment, and provided scientific basis for the promotion and application of this technology.

Advances in potential drugs for improvement of energy metabolism in heart failure / 药学实践杂志

Heart failure (HF) is a global public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have shown that HF is caused by severe disturbance of energy metabolism, resulting in insufficient cardiac energy supply. This lack of energy could lead to a failure of the heart to pump blood and a failure of energy metabolism in other organs throughout the body. Currently, therapeutics of HF work by reducing heart rate and cardiac preload and afterload, symptomatic treatment, or delaying the progression of the disease. However, drugs targeting heart energy metabolism have not been developed. the main characteristics of cardiac energy metabolism, metabolic changes during HF were summarized and drugs that improve cardiac function through energy metabolism were discussed, which could provide a new research direction for the development and application of drugs in treatment of heart failure.

Effect of aerobic pedal exercise on sleep quality and energy metabolism of female college students with mild sleep disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the intervention effect of aerobic step exercise on sleep quality of female college students, so as to provide a new perspective to improve the sleep quality of female college students.@*Methods@#In the 2020 fall semester, a total of 41 female college students with mild or more severe sleep disorders were selected from Beijing Normal University through a questionnaire and were randomly divided into experimental group ( n =29) and control group ( n =12). The experimental group received 55 minutes/time step aerobic exercise intervention for 8 weeks, three times a week, while the control group received no exercise intervention from October to December. The two groups maintained the original learning and living habits, without additional physical activity. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale and portable sleep monitor were used to assess the subjects sleep quality from both subjective and objective aspects. Changes in energy metabolism were observed by triaxial accelerometer and standing body composition analyzer.@*Results@#After exercise intervention, subjective sleep quality factor (1.24±0.43, 0.86±0.58), sleep efficiency factor (0.66±0.67, 0.07±0.25), sleep disorder factor (1.24± 0.51 , 1.03±0.18), daytime dysfunction factor (1.90±0.86, 1.48± 0.82 ) and PSQI score (7.21±1.85, 5.66±2.09) significantly improved ( t=3.64, 4.63, 2.27, 2.36, 3.29, P <0.05). The ratio of sleep to wakefulness decreased (25.54±7.86, 20.85± 5.13), the ratio of deep sleep (31.79±12.20, 38.32±10.19) and sleep efficiency (73.99±7.91, 78.68±5.12) increased significantly ( t=-2.12, -2.39, -2.21, P <0.05). Lean body mass [(38.55±2.95, 39.07±2.94)g] and basal metabolic rate [(1 257.45±41.14, 1 262.66 ±42.22)kcal] of the experimental group significantly increased after the intervention of medium high intensity aerobic pedal exercise ( F=5.95, 3.49, P <0.05). Total energy expenditure was positively correlated with subjective sleep quality and sleep efficiency ( r=-0.26, -0.44, P <0.05).@*Conclusions@#The 8 week aerobic step exercise intervention can increase the daytime energy consumption and basic metabolism of female college students. Improve the sleep depth and efficiency of female college students, reduce sleep disorders, and then effectively improve sleep quality.

Research progress on the characteristics and influencing factors of energy expenditure in children and adolescents of different ages / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The physical health of children and adolescents has received widespread attention in recent years, and a series of problems due to unbalanced energy expenditure have come into focus. Energy expenditure in children and adolescents is influenced by multiple factors including body composition and physical activity level. By analyzing and summarizing the characteristics and specificities of energy expenditure in children and adolescents at different ages, the review aims to formulate a targeted design and implementation plans for future intervention studies.